Welder qualifications are governed by the AWS/AASHTO D1.5 Bridge Welding Code and the Department’s Supplemental Specification 1011. Part B of SS1011 explains the administrative procedures required to qualify as an approved welder for the Ohio Department of Transportation. It is the individual welders responsibility to make sure all required samples, test data, and employment records are on file with the Office of Materials Management.

Qualified welders are listed in the Department’s Construction Management System.
Each welder should be checked to make sure they are qualified to weld on ODOT projects.
To confirm a welder is qualified for ODOT projects enter the Construction Management System and use the Fastpath WELD or LWELD to check for the following information:

Last Update: The welder’s qualification is in effect for 5 years unless the welder is not engaged in a given process for a period exceeding six months. Employment records are the welder’s responsibility to send to the Office of Materials Management. If the date listed on the CMS screen exceeds the six month period inform the welder they must update their work records. All welders are given a six month grace period if they have forgotten to send in their employment records. If the date listed on the CMS screen exceeds 1 year (required six month update plus the six month grace period) then the welder is no longer qualified and must retest.
Process: Welder’s must be qualified for the process for which they are welding in. Typical field welding processes are listed below:
SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) also known as stick welding
FCAW (Flux-cored arc welding) also know as wire welding
• Note: FCAW welding on main member structural steel requires Procedure Qualification testing by the Contractor per the AWS/AASHTO D1.5 Bridge Welding Code.
Weld Type: FI (Fillet welding) or GR (Groove welding)
Position: Welder’s must be qualified for the position in which they are welding.

F - Flat position
H – Horizontal position
V – Vertical position
OH – Overhead position


Any questions concerning welder qualifications can be directed to the Office of Materials Management, Structural Welding and Metals section.

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Today pallet trucks and a sack truck can be bought in a variety of places, there are slight differences to each, but all supply you with the pallet truck or sack truck that you require for the job at hand.

Shop online! Simply put 'pallet trucks' or 'sack truck' into Google or Yahoo or any other search engine and this will bring up thousands and thousands of websites where you can browse, read up on and actually buy online without you even having to leave the house.

Another way to search online is to use comparable websites such as Kelkoo. These are very useful as they compare the item you are searching for against many different websites, and so you can type into the search 'sack truck' or 'pallet truck' and it'll give you a list of many different sack and pallet trucks from different websites. This saves you time from having to search around from site to site and it compares them against each other under certain criteria such as price, customer reviews, delivery time and so on.

Get a more personal touch and visit the shops

To get a more personalized feel when buying your pallet trucks or sack truck go shopping and visit the actual stores or sites so you can see and see and feel the trucks in person. This gives you a lot better idea of the feel of the truck and the quality.

Used Pallet Trucks

Another great way of finding a good bargain for a pallet truck is to look at used pallet trucks. This may include checking out private advertisements, going to your local industrial park, or looking on sites like eBay where people sell their own goods. Always go and check out the pallet truck before you commit to buying a used pallet truck as you can never be sure what state they are going to arrive in, and so doing a little research is recommended.

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EMATs are the devices that essentially consist of a stack of wires and magnets to excite and receive ultrasonic waves in an electrically conductive material, be it magnetic or non-magnetic. When a wire, placed near to the surface of an electrically conducting object, is driven by an A.C at a desired ultrasonic frequency, eddy currents will be induced in the object by electromagnetic induction. Their penetration in the object is given by the classical electromagnetic skin effect. In the presence of a static magnetic field (B0), these induced eddy currents (J) will experience Lorenz forces (f) given by

f = J X B0

Through a variety of interactions, these Lorentz forces are transmitted into the lattice and serve as a source of ultrasonic waves. EMATs are reciprocal devices i.e. they can be used as transmitters or as receivers of ultrasound. When an EMAT transmitter is placed near a electrically conducting material, not necessarily in contact with, ultrasonic waves are launched in the material through the reaction of induced eddy currents and static magnetic fields (Lorentz forces). This eliminates the problems associated with acoustic coupling to the metal part under examination as the electro-mechanical conversion takes place directly within the electromagnetic skin depth of the material surface. Thus, EMATs allow non-contact operation and enable inspection at elevated temperatures, on moving objects, in vacuum or oily or rough surfaces and also in remote and hazardous locations.

EMATs can launch a variety of ultrasonic wave modes with relatively well controlled polarization, intensity and angular distribution. Unlike piezoelectric transducers, it is possible to perform inspection at any angle of incidence with one stationary EMAT. This is achieved by varying the excitation frequency and/or the delay times between the array elements of a phased array transducer system. Typical EMAT probes, wave modes and their applications are as follows:

Practical Applications of EMATs

EMAT Type

Angle Beam Probes
SV – Waves
SH – Waves
Application for UT of pipes, Control of liquid level, ISI of Coarse Grained welds

Angle Beam Probes
Lamb modes
Application for UT of sheets and plates
Rayleigh waves
Application for UT of the tread of railway wheels

Angle Beam Probes
SH modes Application for Thickness measurement of high alloyed sheets

Normal Beam Probes
Linearly polarised shear waves
Radially polarised shear waves
Application for Stress and texture analysis, wall thickness measurement

Shear Horizontal (SH) Waves

It is possible to generate shear horizontal (SH) waves using EMATs while the same is very difficult with PZTs. SH wave mode has provided solution to many non-destructive inspection situations, primarily due to the following attractive features of SH waves over L or SV waves:

Reflection, refraction and diffraction without mode conversion

Complete corner reflection independent of angle of incidence

Propagation in thick-walled components (thickness >> wavelength) as a bulk wave even along the surface

Propagation in thin walled components (thickness <>

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