MIG is an abbreviation for the term “metal inert gas.” First developed during the Second World War, MIG welding gave manufacturers a much more efficient way to weld huge numbers of aluminum parts for weapons and equipment. The introduction of MIG welding technology early in the war had an immediate and important impact on the war effort for the United States and the Allies.

In the case of the System10 MIG welding cell, an automated robotic welding arm moves a “gun” fixed on a contact tip into place to make welds. At the end of the contact tip a solid-steel wire is fed through a liner.

When MIG welding commences, electricity charges the contact tip on the gun, liquefies the wire, and creates a weld puddle. At the same time inert gas flows out of the tip of the gun, sealing off the weld puddle from the atmosphere, allowing for a weld to join two metal pieces together.

While MIG welding has been around for years, companies today still use the most advanced MIG welding technologies to manufacture production runs of high-quality welded industrial parts. The latest robotic MIG welding technology on the market has many advantages for companies in search of low cost, precision welding.


Some advantages of the Lincoln Electric System10 at Ohio Laser include:

Fanuc ARC Mate 100 iB/6s robot with a 37″ reach to accommodate precision welding in tight spaces

Dual fixed welding work station with automatic interlocked access doors permit you to simultaneously load and unload parts while welding

A metal surround flash barrier and bi-fold doors with interlocks

100% duty cycle, 450 amp STT welding technology power supply

Less distortion, smoke and splatter

Specialized engineering, tooling and programming capabilities to enable cost effective welding

Robotic arc welding is the latest value added fabrication service offered by Ohio Laser. Already a full service industrial fabricator, Ohio Laser is competent with PPAP Level I to Level IV, laser cuts flat sheets, tubes and pipes, engineers parts using 2D, 3D CAD/CAM software, provides high accuracy bending, and offers welding processes GMAW, FCAW, and GTAW.

In addition the company does heat treating and finishing, water jet cutting, sanding and grinding services, assembly and packaging, and machining of various alloys.

Ohio Laser serves clients both large and small in virtually all major manufacturing industries in North America including automotive, furniture, point of display, food equipment, and heavy industrial equipment producers.

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What is Eddy Current Testing?

Non-destructive testing (NDT) aims detection and characterisation of defects /flaws / discontinuities in a material without impairing the intended use of the material. Eddy Current Testing (ECT) is an electromagnetic NDT technique widely used in nuclear, aerospace, power, petrochemical and other industries to examine metallic plates, sheets, tubes, rods and bars etc. for detection and sizing of cracks, corrosion and other material discontinuities during manufacturing as well as in-service.

This is not a volumetric (radiography and ultrasonic) technique. Like liquid penetrant and magnetic particle techniques, this is a surface technique and can readily detect very shallow surface defects (fatigue cracks, intergranular stress corrosion cracks etc.) and sub-surface defects (inclusions, voids etc.) within a depth of, say 6 mm. Eddy curent testing is a simple, high-speed, high-sensitive, versatile and reliable NDT technique and is popularly used in many engineering industries. Theory and principle of eddy current testing, advantages, limitations, applications and standards are covered briefly in this page.

Eddy Current Testing Introduction / Principles / Theory

Eddy current testing works on the principles of electromagnetic induction (recall Maxwell's equations, electrical transformers, induction furnace, skin-effect, Ohm's law, Wheatstone bridge etc.). In eddy current (EC) technique, a coil (also called probe or sensor) is excited with sinusoidal alternating current (frequency, f, ~ 50 Hz-5 MHz) to induce what are called eddy currents (swrling or closed loops of currents that exist only in metallic materials) in an electrically conducting material such as stainless steel, aluminium etc. being tested. The change in coil impedance, Z that arises due to distortion of eddy currents at regions of discontinuities (defects, material property variations, surface characteristics etc,) and associated magnetic flux linkages, is measured and correlated with the cause producing it i.e. discontinuities. Eddy currents are a problem in electircal engineering systems such as transformers, as they cause severe heating losses. However, they are used to advantage in eddy current non-destructive testing. An eddy current coil can be considered to be having resistance and inductance in series in an AC circuit. According to Ohm's law, the circuit impedance Z (Voltage/Current) is a vector quantity with resistance R and inductive reactance Xl as the real and imaginary components (Z = R + jXl).

Briefly in eddy current testing, the following sequential things happen:
* Eddy current coil generates primary magnetic field (Ampere's law) * Primary magnetic field induces eddy currents in the material (Faraday's law) * Eddy currents generate secondary magnetic field in the opposite direction (Lenz's law) * Coil impedance changes, as a result * Impedance change is measured, analyzed and correlated with defect dimensions

The locus of impedance change formed during the movement of an eddy current probe coil over a test material having a defect is called an eddy current signal. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the eddy current signal provides information about the defect severity. The phase angle of the eddy current signal with respect to a known reference (lift-off) provides information about the defect location or depth. Defects that cause maximum perturbation to eddy current flow produce large eddy current response (signal amplitude) and hence detected with high sensitivity (see distortion figure below). Similarly, defects that are parallel to eddy current flow may not produce a significant change in coil impedance and as a result they produce a weak reponse i.e. detected with poor sensitivity.

Electromagnetic Interactions in Eddy Current Testing
Governing Laws
* Ampere's law
* Faraday's law
* Lenz's law

Properties of Eddy Currents
* They are closed loops
* They flow in a plane that is parallel to coil winding or material surface.
* They attenuate and lag in phase with depth

Coil Impedance
Z = R + j Xl


Skin Effect / Standard Depth of Penetration (SDP)

Eddy current density in a material is not uniform in the thickness (depth) direction. It is greatest on the material surface and decreases monotonously with depth (skin effect) and the eddy currents lag in phase with depth, allowing employ phase discrimination method to locate, size and differentiate defects and disturbing variables. "Standard depth of penetration" (SDP) equation given above can be used to explain the capability of eddy current testing. For an uniform, isotropic and very thick material, SDP is the depth at which the eddy current density is 37% of its surface value. From the SDP equation, one can easily interpret that depth of penetration (delta) decreases with increasing frequency, conductivity, permeability (see flux line contours below). Thus, in order to detect very shallow defects (cracks, flaws) in a material and also to measure thickness of thin sheets, very high frequencies are to be used (see flux line contours below). Similarly, in order to detect sub-surface buried defects and to test highly conductive/ magnetic/ thick materials, low frequencies are to be employed.
Theoretical isomagnetic fluxline contours demonstrating the skin-effect

Instrument / Instrumentation for Eddy Current Testing

Usually, current through the eddy current coils is kept constant ~ few hundred mA and changes in the coil impedance that occur due to perturbation of eddy currents at defect regions are measured. Since these impedance changes are very small

Probes / Sensors for Eddy Current Testing
Appropriate selection of probe coil is important in eddy current testing, as even an efficient eddy current testing instrument can not achieve much if it doesn’t get the right (desired) information from the coils. The most popular coil designs are: * Surface probes or pancake probes (with the probe axis normal to the surface), are chosen for testing plates and bolt-holes either as a single sensing element or an array - in both absolute and differential [split-D] modes. * Encircling probes for inspection of rods, bars and tubes with outside access and * Bobbin probes for pre-and in-service inspection of heat exchanger, steam genertor, condenser tubes & others with inside access. Phased array receivers also possible for enhanced detection and sizing.

											Click for more details on Eddy Current Probe / Sensor Design, Development and Selection

These three types of probes can be operated in absolute or differential (left, last). They can also operated in send-receive mode (separate coils for sending and receiving [again absolute or differential]). The EC probes consisting of a single sensing coil for excitation and reception are called absolute probes. Such probes are good for detection of cracks (long as well as short) as well as gradual variations. However, absolute probes are sensitive also to lift-off, probe tilt, temperature changes etc. Differential probes have two sensing coils wound in opposite direction and investigating two different regions of the material. They are good for high sensitive detection of small defects and they are reasonably immune to changes in temperature and probe wobble.



Eddy Current Testing Signals
An eddy current signal is the trajectory of coil impedance formed upon scanning the coil over a material surface. Eddy current (impedance change) signal / data is analysed in time-domain (strip-chart) and also in impedance plane (CRT or computer screen). Typical time-domain and impedance plane signals for a plate tested using a surface probe (absolute mode) are given on the right hand side. CRT Screen or Impedance Plane Display

Electromagnetic Coupling (Lift-off / Fill-factor)

Coupling of magnetic field to the material surface is important in ECT. For surface probes, it is called "lift-off" which is the distance between the probe coil and the material surface. In general, uniform and very small lift-off is preferred for achieving better detection sensitivity to defects. Similarly, the electromagnetic coupling in the case of tubes/bars/rods is referred to as "fill-factor". It is the ratio of square of coil diameter to square of tube diameter, in the case of encircling coils and is expressed as percentage (dimensionless). Usually, 70-90% "fill-factor" is targeted for reliable inspection.

Eddy Current Testing Procedure

Usual EC test procedure involves first calibration. Artificial defects such as saw cuts, flat bottom holes, and electro-discharge machining (EDM) notches are produced in a material with similar chemical composition and geometry as that of the actual component. Well-characterised natural defects such as service induced fatigue cracks and stress corrosion cracks are preferred, if available. The test frequency, instrument gain and other instrument functions are optimised so that all specified artificial defects are detected, e.g by thresholding of appropriate EC signal parameters such as signal peak-to-peak amplitude and phase angle. With optimised instrument settings, actual testing is carried out and any indication that is greater than the threshold level is recorded defective. For quantification (characterisation) master calibration graphs, e.g. between eddy current signal parameters and defect sizes are generated. In the case of heat exchanger tube ECT, calibration graph is between depth of ASME calibration defects (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% wall loss flat-bottom holes) and the signal phase angle. In order to detect and characterise defects under support plates multi-frequency EC testing which involves mixing of signals from different frequencies is followed and separate calibration graph is generated for quantification of wall loss.
Magnetic flux line contours of an eddy current probe in air, in an Inconel tube and in the tube surrounded by a carbon steel support plate. Freedom-loving flux lines are constrained by the tube wall and the support plate. This constraint (manifested as distortion / perturbation of eddy currents and associated impedance change) is what is measured to advantage in eddy current testing !


Applications of Eddy Current Testing

Sorting of materials with different heat treatment, microstructure etc. (metal detectors)

Detection of flaws / defects in metallic plates, tubes, rods and bars (as small as 0.2 mm deep)

Measurement of non-conductive and conductive coating thickness (upto 10 microns)

Measurement of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability (0.5% IACS)

Advantages of Eddy Current Testing

Eddy current test can nearly all metallic materials

High inspection speeds possible ( ~ 5 m/s)

Eddy current test can readily detect very shallow and tight surface fatigue cracks and stress corrosion cracks (~ 5 microns width and 50 microns depth)

High temperature and on-line testing is possible, even in shop floors

Non-contact / remote / inaccessible testing is possible (Couplant is not required unlike in ultrasonics)

Recording and analysis of inspection data is possible (Computer based instruments / systems available with data acquisition, storage, analysis and database management)

Limitations of Eddy Current Testing

Like any other NDT technique ECT too has certain limitations, which are overcome to a large extent by the recent advances in the technique. A few key limitations are:

Only electrically conducting (metallic) materials can be tested

Maximum inspectable thickness is ~ 6 mm
(12 mm possible by tuning frequency, probes, instrumentation etc.)

Inspection of ferromagnetic materials is difficult using conventional eddy current tests
(Saturation ECT and Remote field ECT are possible for tubes)

Use of calibration standards necessary

Operator skill is necessary for meaningful testing and evaluation

Recent Trends / Advances in Eddy Current Testing
* Pulsed EC testing for sub-surface defect detection

* Remote field EC testing for ferromagnetic tubes

* Eddy current imaging to produce images or pictures of defects and to automate inspection

* Signal and image processing methods to extract more useful information of defects for enhanced detection and characterisation of defects

* Low-frequency eddy current testing

* Numerical modelling (finite element, boundary element / volume integral, hybrid etc.) for
Simulation of inspection technique / situation
Prediction of ECT signals for inversion
Optimisation of probes / test parameters

* Design of Phased-array and special focused probes

* Realization of expert systems and data-base systems
Eddy Current Image of a Stainless Steel Weld

Standards in Eddy Current Testing

Reference standards are used for adjusting the eddy current instrument’s sensitivity detection of cracks, conductivity, permeability and material thickness etc. and also for sizing. Some commonly used standards in eddy current testing are:

ASME, Section V, Article 8, Appendix 1 and 2), Electromagnetic (eddy current) testing of heat exchanger tubes

BS 3889 (part 2A): 1986 (1991) Automatic eddy current testing of wrought steel tubes
BS 3889 (part 213): 1966 (1987) Eddy current testing of non-ferrous tubes

ASTM B 244 Method for measurement of thickness of anodic coatings of aluminum and other nonconductive coatings on nonmagnetic base materials with eddy current instruments
ASTM B 659 Recommended practice for measurement of thickness of metallic coatings on nonmetallic substrates
ASTM E 215 Standardising equipment for electromagnetic testing of seamless aluminium alloy tube
ASTM E 243 Electromagnetic (eddy current) testing of seamless copper and copper alloy tubes
ASTM E 309 Eddy current examination of steel tubular products using magnetic saturation
ASTM E 376 Measuring coating thickness by magnetic field or eddy current (electromagnetic) test methods
ASTM E 426 Electromagnetic (eddy current) testing of seamless and welded tubular products austenitic stainless steel and similar alloys
ASTM E 566 Electromagnetic (eddy current) sorting of ferrous metals
ASTM E 571 Electromagnetic (eddy current) examination of nickel and nickel alloy tubular products
ASTM E 690 In-situ electromagnetic (eddy current) examination of non-magnetic heat-exchanger tubes
ASTM E 703 Electromagnetic (eddy current) sorting of nonferrous metals

Specific Applications of Eddy Current Testing

Quality assurance and in-service inspection of austinetic stainless steel tubes, plates and welds.

In-service inspection of heat exchangers, steam generators and condensers for
• Detection and sizing of defects in tubes (single frequency)
• Detection and sizing of defects near support plates (multi-frequency)

Detection and sizing of defects in multi-layer aircraft structures (multi-frequency & pulsed eddy current tests)

Quality assurance and in-service inspection of ferromagnetic tubes.

Detection and characterisation of intergranular corrosion (IGC) in stainless steel 316L / 304 L

Detection of weld centre line in austenetic stainless steel welds using eddy current C-scan imaging

Measurement of thickness of plates as well as thickness of coatings using eddy currents

Sorting of materials based on electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability

On-line eddy current detection of defects in materials

High temperature and non-contact testing of materials

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A - Amperes

A/C - Air Conditioning

A/CL BIMET - Air Cleaner Bi-Metal Sensor

A/CL DV - Air Cleaner Duct and Valve Vacuum Motor

A/D - Analog to Digital Converter

A/F - Air Fuel Ratio

A/T - Automatic Transmission

A4R70W - Automatic Overdrive Electronic Wide Ration Transmission

AAC - Auxiliary Air Control Valve

AAT - Ambient Air Temperature

AAV - Anti-Afterburn Valve (Mazda)


ABCV - Airbleed Control Valve (Ford)

ABS - Antilock Brake System

ABSV - Air Bypass Solenoid Valve (Mazda)

ABV - Air Bypass Valve

AC - Alternating Current

ACC - Automatic Climate Control

ACC - Air Conditioning Clutch

ACCS - A/C Cycling Clutch Switch

ACD - Air Conditioning Demand Switch

ACON - Air Conditioning On Signal

ACP - Air Conditioning Pressure Signal

ACPSW - Air Conditioning Pressure Switch

ACR - Air Conditioning Relay

ACR4 - Air Conditioning Refrigerant, Recovery, Recycling, Recharging

ACT - Air Charge Temperature

ACV - Air Control Valve

ADU - Analog-Digital Unit

AFC - Air Flow Control

AFM - Air Flow Meter

AFR - Air Fuel Ratio

AFS - Air Flow Sensor (Mitsubishi)

AIR - Secondary Air Injection System

AIRB - Air Bypass Solenoid

AIRD - AIR Diverter Solenoid

AIS - Air Injection System (Chrysler)

AIS - Automatic Idle Speed

AIV - Air Injection Valve

ALC - Automatic Level Control

ALCL - Assembly Line Communications Link (GM)

ALDL - Assembly Line Data Link

ALT - Alternator (replaced with GEN)

AM1 - Air Management 1, AIR Bypass

AM2 - Air Management 2, AIR Diverter

AMB - Ambient

AOD - Automatic Overdrive

AODE - Automatic Overdrive Electronic Transmission

AODE-W - Automatic Overdrive Electronic Wide (ratio transmission)

AP - Accelerator Pedal

APC - Automatic Performance Control

APCM - Auxiliary Powertrain Control Module

API - Application Programming Interface

APS - Absolute Pressure Sensor (GM)

APS - Atmospheric Pressure Sensor (Mazda)

APT - Adjustable part Throttle

ARC - Automatic Ride Control

ARS - Automatic Restraint System

ASARC - Air Suspension Automatic Ride Control

ASCII - American Standard for Character Information Interchange

ASD - Automatic Shutdown Relay

ASDM - Airbag System Diagnostic Module (Chrysler)

ASE - Automotive Service Excellence

ASM - Acceleration Simulation Mode

ASR - Acceleration Slip Regulation

ATC - Automatic Temperature Control

ATDC - After Top Dead Center

ATF - Automatic Transmission Fluid

ATM - Actuator Test Mode

ATP - Automotive Telemetry Protocol

ATS - Air Temperature Sensor (Chrysler)

ATX - Automatic Transaxle

AVOM - Analog Volt / Ohm Meter

AWD - All Wheel Drive

AWG - American Wire Gage'

AX4S - Automatic 4-Speed Trans.

AXOD - Automatic Overdrive Transaxle

AXOD-E - Automatic Overdrive Transaxle - Electronically Controlled

B/MAP - Barometric/Manifold Absolute Pressure

B+ - Battery Positive Voltage

BAC - Bypass Air Control Valve

BARO - Barometric Pressure

BAT - Battery

BC - Blower Control

BCM - Body Control Module

BEV - Barrier Equivalent Velocity (crash testing)

BHP - Brake Horsepower

BHS - Bimetal Heat Sensor (Ford)

BID - Breakerless Inductive Discharge (AMC)

BLM - Block Learn Multiplier (replaced with LT FUEL TRIM)

BMAP - Barometric/Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (Ford)

BOB - Breakout Box

BOO - Brake On / Off Switch

BP - Barometric Pressure

BPA - Mechanical Bypass Air

BPCSV - Bypass Control Solenoid Valve

BPP - Brake Pedal Position Switch

BPS - Back Pressure Sensor

BPT - Back-Pressure Transducer

BPV - Bypass Valve (Ford)

BPW - Brake Pulse Width

BSV - Backfire Suppressor (Ford)

BTDC - Before Top Dead Center

BTS - Battery Temperature Sensor

BTSI - Brake Transmission Shift Interlock

Btu - British Thermal Unit

BUS N - Bus Negative

BUS P - Bus Positive

BV - Bowl Vent Port (Ford)

BVSV - Bi-Metal Vent Control Valve

BVT - Backpressure Variable Transducer System (Ford)

C - Carbon

C - Celsius

C.A.R.B. - California Air Resource Board

C3 - Computer Command Control System (GM)

C3I - Computer Controlled Coil Ignition

C4 - Computer Controlled Catalytic Converter System (GM)

CAC - Charge Air Cooler

CAI - Controlled Auto Ignition

CAN - Controller Area Network

CANP - EVAP Canister Purge Solenoid

CARB - Carburetor

CAS - Crank Angle Sensor

CAS - Clean Air System

CAS - Creep Aid System (automatic transmissions)

CASE - Cranking Angle Sensing Error

CBD - Closed Bowl Distributor

CC - Catalytic Converter

CC - Climate Control

CC - Cruise Control

CC - Cubic Centimeters

CCC - Computer Command Control System (GM)

CCC - Converter Clutch Control

CCD - Computer Controlled Dwell

CCD - Chrysler Collision Detection

CCDIC - Climate Control Driver Information Center

CCEI - Coolant Controlled Idle Enrichment (Chrysler)

CCEV - Coolant Controlled Engine Vacuum Switch (Chrysler)

CCM - Continuous Component Monitor

CCM - Central Control Module

CCM - Comprehensive Component Monitor

CCNT, DTC CCNT - Count Code

CCO - Converter Clutch Override

CCOT - Cycling Clutch Orifice Tube

CCP - Controlled Canister Purge (GM)

CCP - Climate Control Panel

CCRM - Constant Control Relay Module

CCS - Coast Clutch Solenoid

CCSP - Carbon Canister Storage/Purge

CCV - Canister Control Valve

CDCV - Canister Drain Cut Valve

CDI - Capacitor Discharge Ignition (AMC)

CDR - Chrysler Diagnostic Readout

CDRV - Crankcase Depression Regulator Valve

CE - Commutator End

CEAB - Cold Engine Air Bleed

CEC - Crankcase Emission Control System (Honda)

CECU - Central Electronic Control Unit (Nissan)

CEL - Check Engine Light

CER - Cold Enrichment Rod (Ford)

CES - Clutch Engage Switch

CESS - Cold Engine Sensor Switch

CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons

CFI - Central Fuel Injection

CFI - Continuous Fuel Injection

CFM - Cubic Feet Per Minute

CFV - Critical Flow Venturi

CHM - Cold Mixture Heater

CID - Cylinder Identification Signal

CID - Cubic Inch Displacement

CIS - Continuous Injection System (Bosch)

CKP - Crankshaft Position Sensor

CKP REF - Crankshaft Position Reference

CKT - Circuit

CL - Closed Loop

CLC - Converter Lockup Clutch (replaced with TCC)

CLCC - Closed Loop Carburetor Control

CLNT - Coolant

CLV - Calculated Load Value

CMFI - Central Multi-port Fuel Injection

CMP - Camshaft Position Sensor

CMP REF - Camshaft Position Reference

CO - Carbon Monoxide

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

COC - Conventional Oxidation Catalyst (Ford)

COLPAS - Column-Integrated Power-Assisted Steering

COP - Coil On Plug Electronic Ignition

CP - Crankshaft Position Sensor (Ford)

CP - Canister Purge (GM)

CPA - Connector Position Assurance

CPI - Central Port Fuel Injection

CPP - Clutch Pedal Position

CPS - Central Power Supply

CPSOV - Canister Purge Shut Off Valve (Ford)

CPU - Central Processing Unit

CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRK - Cranking Signal

CRS - Common Rail System

CRT - Cathode Ray Tube

CSC - Coolant Spark Control (Ford)

CSE GND - PCM Case Ground

CSF - Crankshaft Speed Fluctuation Sensor

CSSA - Cold Start Spark Advance System (Ford)

CSSH - Cold Start Spark Hold System (Ford)

CTAV - Cold Temperature Actuated Vacuum Switch (Ford)

CTM - Central Timer Module

CTO - Clean Tachometer Output

CTO - Coolant Temperature Override

CTOX - Continuous Trap Oxidizer

CTP - Closed Throttle Position

CTS - Charge Temperature Switch (Chrysler)

CTS - Coolant Temperature Sensor

CTVS - Closed Throttle Vacuum Switch

CV - Control Valve

CV - Constant Velocity

CVCC - Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion System (Honda)

CVD - Cylinder Valve Deactivation

CVR - Control Vacuum Regulator (Ford)

CVS - Constant Volume Sampler

CVTC - Continuous Valve Timing Control

CVTS - Continuous Variable Tumble System (engine combustion)

CWM-Ford - Cold Weather Modulator (Ford)

DAB - Delayed Accessory Bus

dB - Decibels

DC - Duty Cycle

DC - Direct Current

DCISCA - DC Motor Idle Speed Actuator

DCL - Data Communication Link

DDD - Dynamic Data Display

DDL - Diagnostic Data Link

DDL - Diagnostic Information Base

DE - Drive End

DEC - Digital Electronic Controller

DEFI - Digital Electronic Fuel Injection (Cadillac)

DEPS - Digital Engine Position Sensor

DERM - Diagnostic Energy Reserve Module

DFCO - Decel Fuel Cutoff Mode

DFI - Direct Fuel Injection

DFS - Decel Fuel Shutoff

DI - Distributor Ignition (System)

DI - Direct Ignition

DIB - Diagnostic Information Base

DIC - Driver Information Center

DICM - Distributor Ignition Control Module

DIS - Direct Ignition (Waste Spark)

DITDES - Desired Dynamic Injection Timing

DLC - Data Link Connector (OBD)

DLL - Dynamic Link Library

DM - Drive Motor

DMCM - Drive Motor Control Module

DMCT - Drive Motor Coolant Temperature

DMPI Module - Drive Motor Power Inverter Module

DMS - Distributor Modulator System

DOHC - Dual Overhead Cam

DOL - Data Output Line to IPC

DPC - Dynamic Pressure Control

DPFE - Differential Pressure Feedback

DPI - Fuel Plug Inhibit

DRB II - Diagnostic Readout Box (Chrysler)

DRCV - Distributor Retard Control Valve

DREAMS - Digital Room Enlargement Automotive Sound

DRFS - Demand-Regulated Fuel Supply

DRL - Daytime Running Lights

DSBP - Driver Seat Belt Pretensioner

DSO - Digital Storage Oscilloscope

DSR - Ford Diagnostic Subroutine

DSS - Downshift Solenoid

DSSA - Dual Signal Spark Advance (Ford)

DSV - Deceleration Solenoid Valve

DTC - Diagnostic Trouble Code

DTC FRZ - Diagnostic Trouble Code Freeze Frame

DTM - Diagnostic Test Mode

DTVS - Dual Temperature Vacuum Switch

DV - Delay Valve

DVAC - Distributor Vacuum Advance Control Valve

DVDSV - Differential Vacuum Delay and Separator Valve

DVDV - Distributor Vacuum Delay Valve

DVOM - Digital Volt-Ohmmeter

DV-TW - Relay Valve Two Way

DVVV - Distributor Vacuum Vent Valve

E4OD - Electronic 4-Speed Overdrive

EAC - Electronic Air Control (replaced with AIR)

EACV - Electronic Air Control Valve

EAIR - Electronic Secondary Air Injection

EBCM - Electronic Brake Control Module

EBP - Exhaust Back :Pressure

EBTCM - Electronic Brake T/C Module

EC - Engine Control

ECA - Electronic Control Assembly (Ford)

ECC - Electronic Climate Control

ECCS - Electronic Concentrated Control System

ECI - Extended Compressor at Idle

ECIT - Electronic Control Ignition Timing

ECL - Engine Coolant Level

ECM - Engine/Electronic Control Module

ECO - Electronically Controlled Orifice (power steering)

ECS - Evaporation Control System (Chrysler)

ECS - Emission Control System

ECT - Engine Coolant Temperature

ECU - Electronic Control Unit

ECU - Electronic Control Unit

EDF - Electro-Drive Fan

EDIS - Electronic Direct Ignition System (replaced with EI)

EDM - Electronic Distributor Modulator (Ford)

EEC - Electronic Engine Control (Ford)

EEC-I - Control of Ignition Timing

EEC-II - Control of Ignition Timing and Fuel Delivery Through a Feed Carburetor System

EEC-III - Control of Ignition Timing and Fuel Delivery Through a Central Fuel Injection System

EEC-IV - Control of Ignition Timing and Fuel Delivery Through an Electronic Fuel Injection System

EECS - Evaporative Emission Control System

EEGR - Electronic EGR (Solenoid)

EEGR Monitor - Electronic EGR Test

EEPROM - Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EESS - Evaporative Emission Shed System (Ford)

EEVIR - Evaporator Equalized Values in Receiver

EFC - Electronic Feedback Carburetor (Chrysler)

EFC - Electronic Fuel Control

EFCA - Electronic Fuel Control Assembly (Ford)

EFE - Early Fuel Evaporation

EFI - Electronic Fuel Injection

EFT - Engine Fuel Temperature

EFV - Early Fuel Evaporation

EGC - Exhaust Gas Check Valve (Ford)

EGO - Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor (Ford)

EGOR - EGO Signal Return (Ford)

EGR - Exhaust Gas Recirculation

EGR Monitor - OBDII EGR Test

EGR TVV - Exhaust Gas Recirculation Thermal Vacuum Valve

EGRB - EGR Boost Sensor

EGRC - EGR Control Solenoid (Ford)

EGRC-BPT - EGR Control Back Pressure Transducer

EGRPS - EGR Valve Position Sensor (Mazda)

EGRT - Exhaust Gas Recirculation Temperature

EGRV - Exhaust Gas Recirculation Vent Solenoid

EGTS - Exhaust Gas Temperature Switch (replaced with EGRT)

EH - Electro-Hydraulic

EI - Integrated Electronic Ignition System

EICV - Electronic Idle Control Valve

ELB - Electronic Lean Burn (Chrysler)

ELC - Electronic Level Control

ELCD - Evaporative Loss Control Device

EM - Engine Modification

EMB - Electromagnetic Brakes

EMF - Electromotive Force (voltage)

EMI - Electromagnetic Interference

EMR - Electronic Module Retard

EMVT - Electro-Mechanical Valve Train

EN - Generator (Alternator)

EOBD - European On Board Diagnostics

EOP - Engine Oil Pressure

EOS - Exhaust Oxygen Sensor

EOT - Engine Oil Temperature

EP - Exhaust Pressure

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

EPC - Electronic Pressure Control

EPOS - EGR Valve Position Sensor (Ford)

EPR - Exhaust Pressure Regulator Valve

EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

EPT - EGR Pressure Transducer (replaced with PFE)

ESA - Electronic Spark Advance (Chrysler)

ESC - Electronic Spark Control System (Ford)

ESD - Electrostatic Discharge

ESS - Electronic Spark Selection (Cadillac)

ESS - Engine Start-Stop

EST - Electronic Spark Timing

ETC - Electronic Temperature Control

ETP - EGR Pressure Transducer

ETR - Electronically Tuned Receiver

EVAP - Evaporative Emissions System

EVAP CP - Evaporative Canister Purge

EVAP CV - Evaporative Emissions System Canister Vent

EVIC - Electronic Vehicle Information Center

EVO - Electronic Vehicle Orifice

EVP - EGR Valve Position Sensor

EVR - EGR Vacuum Regulator

EXH - Exhaust

EZEE - Equal to Zero Emissions Engine

F4WD - Full Time Four Wheel Drive

FAN - Cooling Fan (Low or High Speed)

FBC - Feedback Carburetor

FBCA - Feedback Carburetor Actuator (Ford)

FC - Fan Control

FCA - Fuel Control Assembly (Chrysler)

FCM - Fan Control Module

FCS - Fuel Control Solenoid (Ford)

FDBK - Feedback

FDC - Fuel Deceleration Valve (Ford)

FDV - Fuel Decel Valve (Ford)

FEEPROM - Flash Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

FEPROM - Flash Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

FF - Flexible Fuel

FFFP - Fuel-Flexible Fuel Processor

FI - Fuel Injector

FIC - Fast Idle Control

FICD - Fast Idle Control Device

FIPL - Fuel Injection Pump Lever

FLC - Fluid Lock-up Converter (Ford)

FLS - Fluid Level Sensor (GM)

FM - Fan Motor Program in PCM

FMEM - Failure Mode Effect Management

FMVSS - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards

FOM - Fix Operating Mode (Limp Mode)

FP - Fuel Pump Relay (Ford)

FP - Fuel Pump

FPM - Fuel Pump Monitor (in PCM)

FPRC - Fuel Pump Regulator Control

FRC - Forced

FRP - Fuel Rail Pressure

FRT - Fuel Rail Temperature

FRZ - Freeze Frame

FT - Fuel Trim

FTL - Fuel Tank Level Sensor

FTO - Filtered Tachometer Output

FTP - Fuel Tank Pressure

FTT - Fuel Tank Temperature

FWD - Front Wheel Drive

g/sec - Grams per Second

GA - Gage

GCM - Governor Control Module

GCW - Gross Combination Weight

GDC - Fuel Data Center

GDI - Gasoline Direct Injection

GEM - Generic Electronic Module

GEN - Generator (Alternator)

GND - Electrical Ground Connection

GOOSE - Brief Throttle Open/Close

GPM - Grams Per Mile

GPS - Governor Pressure Sensor

GST - Generic Scan Tool

GVW - Gross Vehicle Weight

H - Hydrogen

H/CMPR - High Compression

H2O - Water

HAC - High Altitude Compensator

HAIS - Heated Air Intake System (Chrysler)

HBV - Heater Blower Voltage

HC - Hydrocarbons

HCDS - High Clutch Drum Speed

HCV - Hydrocarbon (Ford)

HCV - Exhaust Heat Control Valve (Ford)

HD - Heavy Duty

HDC - Heavy Duty Cooling

HDR-CKP - High Data Rate CKP Sensor

HEGO - Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor

HEI - High Energy Ignition (GM)

HFC - High (speed) Fan Control

HFP - High Fuel Pump (Relay) Control

Hg - Mercury

HIC - Hot-Idle Compensator (Ford)

HLOS - Hardware Limited Operation System

HO - High Output

HO2S - Heated Oxygen Sensor

HO2S-1-1 - Bank One Sensor One Signal

HO2S-1-2 - Bank One Sensor Two Signal

HO2S-1-3 - Bank One Sensor Three Signal

HO2S-2-1 - Bank Two Sensor One Signal

HO2S-2-2 - Bank Two Sensor Two Signal

hp - Horsepower

HPC - High Pressure Cutoff

HPL - High Pressure Liquid

HPS - High Performance System

HPV - High Pressure Vapor

HSC - High Swirl Combustion

HSV - Hill Start Valve (mechanical clutch)

HT - High Tension

HUB - Hub Unit Bearing

HUD - Heads Up Display

HVAC - Heater Ventilation and Air Conditioning

HVACM - Heater-Vent-Air Conditioning Module

HVS - High Voltage Switch

Hz - Hertz

I/M - Inspection and Maintenance

I/O - Input / Output

I/P - Instrument Panel

IA - Intake Air

IAC - Idle Air Control (motor or solenoid)

IACV - Idle Air Control Valve

IAS - Inlet Air Solenoid (Ford)

IAT - Intake Air Temperature

IBP - Integral Back Pressure

IBS - Intelligent Brake System

IC - Integrated Circuit

IC - Ignition Control

ICM - Ignition Control Module

ICP - Injection Control Pressure

ICS - Idle Control Solenoid (GM)

ID - Inside Diameter

IDI - Integrated Direct Ignition

IDL - Idle Position Switch

IDM - Injector Driver Module

IDM - Ignition Diagnostic Monitor

IFI - Indirect Fuel Injection

IFR - In-Frame Response

IFS - Inertia Fuel Switch

IGN - Ignition

IGN ADV - Ignition Advance

IGN GND - Ignition Ground

ILC - Idle Load Compensator

IMA - Idle Mixture Adjuster

IMRC - Intake Manifold Runner Control

IMS - Ignition Module Signal

IMS - Inferred Mileage Sensor (Ford)

IMT - Intake Manifold Timing

INJ 1 to INJ 10 - Fuel Injectors 1 to 10

INT - Integrator (replaced with ST FUEL TRIM)

IOCTL - Input / Output Control

IPC - Instrument Panel Cluster

IPR - Injector Pressure Regulator

IRCM - Integrated Relay Control Module

ISA - Idle Speed Actuator

ISC - Idle Speed Control

ISO - International Standard of Organization

ISS - Input Shaft Speed

ISS - Instant Start System (diesel engine)

ITA - Ignition Timing Adjustment

ITCS - Ignition Timing Control System (Honda)

ITS - Idle Tracking Switch

IVPWR - EEC-Measured Battery Voltage

IVS - Idle Validation Switch

IVSC - Integrated Vehicle Speed Control

IVV - Idle Vacuum Valve (Ford)

JAS - Jet Air System (Mitsubishi)

JSV - Jet Mixture Solenoid Valve

KAM - Keep Alive Memory

KAPWR - Direct Battery Power

KD - Kickdown

KDLH - Kickdown Low Hold

Kg/cm2 - Kilograms/ Cubic Centimeters

kHz - Kilohertz

Km - Kilometers

KOEC - Key On, Engine Cranking

KOEO - Key On, Engine Off

KOER - Key On, Engine Running

KPA - Kilopascal

KS - Knock Sensor

KSM - Knock Sensor Module

KWP - Keyword Protocol

L - Liters

L4 - Four Cylinder Inline Engine

LAMBSE - Short Term Fuel Trim

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

LDP - Leak Detection Pump

LDVSP - Light-Duty Vehicle Surveillance Program

LED - Light Emitting Diode

LFC - Low Fan Control

LFP - Low Speed Fuel Pump Control

LHD - Left Hand Drive

LOAD - Calculated Load Value

LOC - Light Off Catalyst

LONGFT - Long Term Fuel Trim

LOOP - Engine Operating Loop Status

LOS - Limited Operating Strategy

LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas

LSS - Linear Shift Solenoid

LTFT - Long Term Fuel Trim

LTFT - Long-Term Fuel Trim

LTS - Low Coolant Switch

LUS - Lock-Up Solenoid

LV8 - Load Variable

LWB - Long Wheel Base

M/C - Mixture Control

M/T - Manual Transmission

MAF - Mass Air Flow Sensor

MAF RTN - Mass Airflow Sensor Ground

MAP - Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor

MAS - Mixture Adjust Screw

MAT - Manifold Air Temperature

MC - Mixture Control

MCS - Mixture Control Solenoid (GM)

MCT - Manifold Charge Temperature Sensor (Ford)

MCU - Microprocessor Control Unit (Ford)

MCV - Manifold Control Valve (Ford)

MDB - Moving Deformable Barrier (crash testing)

MDP - Manifold Differential Pressure

MECS - Mazda Electronic Control System

MEMCAL - Memory Calibration

MFDES - Desired Mass of Fuel as Determined by the EEC Strategy

MFI - Multiport Fuel Injection

MGP - Manifold Gauge Pressure = MAP - BP

MIC - Mechanical Instrument Cluster

MICE - Multimedia Information Communications and Entertainment

MIL - Malfunction Indicator Lamp

MISAR - Microprocessed Sensing and Automatic Regulation (GM)

MLP - Manual Lever Position

MLP - Manual Lever Position (sensor)

MLS - Multi-Layer Steel

MLUS - Modulated Lock Up Solenoid or its Control Circuit (Ford)

MLVLPS - Manual Valve Lever Position

MODE - Engine Operation Mode, 0 = No Start, 1 = Crank, 2 = Run

MPFI - Multi-Port Fuel Injection

MPG - Miles Per Gallon

MPH - Miles Per Hour

MPI - Multi Port Injection

mS or ms - Millisecond

MSFF - Miles Since First Fail

MSIG - Multiple Spark-Ignition Gasket

MSLF - Miles Since Last Fail

MST - Manifold Surface Temperature

MT - Manual Transmission

MTV - Manifold Tune Valve

mV or mv - Milivolt

MVLPS - Manual Valve Lever Position

MVZ - Manifold Vacuum Zone

N - Nitrogen

N.C. - Normally Closed Position

N.O. - Normally Open Position

N/MIL - A Code Set Without a MIL Request

N/V - Input Shaft Speed to Vehicle Speed

NCAPS - Non-Contact Angular Position Sensor

NCRPS - Non-Contact Rotary Position Sensor

NDIR - Non Dispersive Infrared

NDS - Neutral Drive Switch

NGS - Neutral Gear Switch (Ford)

NGV - Natural Gas Vehicles

Nm - Newton Meters

NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen

NTC - Negative Temperature Coefficient

NVRAM - Non Volatile Random Access Memory

O2 - Oxygen

O2S-11 - Oxygen Sensor Signal (Bank 1)

O2S-21 - Oxygen Sensor Signal (Bank 2)

OASIS - Ford Motor Company Online Automotive Service Information System

OBD I - On Board Diagnostics Version I

OBD II - On Board Diagnostics Version II

OBD STAT - On Board Diagnostic System Status

OBEM - On-Board Emissions Measurement

OC - Oxidation Catalytic Converter

OCC - Output Circuit Check (Ford)

OCIL - Overdrive Cancel Indicator Lamp

OCS - Overdrive Cancel Switch

OCT ADJ - Octane Adjust Fuel Switch

OD - Overdrive

OD - Outside Diameter

ODM - Output Device Monitor

ODS - Overdrive Drum Speed

OE - Original Equipment

OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer

OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer

OHC - Overhead Cam Engine

OHV - Over Head Valve

OL - Open Loop

OLM - Oil Life Monitor

ORC - Oxidation Reduction Converter

OS - Oxygen Sensor

OSAC - Orifice Spark Advance Control (Chrysler)

OSC - Output State Check (Ford)

OSI - Open System Interconnect

OSM - Output State Monitor

OSS - Output Speed Shaft

OTIS - Overhead Travel Information System

OVCV - Outer Vent Control Valve

P/B - Power Brakes

P/E - Power Enrichment

P/N - Part Number

P/S - Power Steering

PA - Pressure Air (Honda)

PAFS - Pulse Air Feeder System (Chrysler)

PAIR - Pulsed Secondary Air Injection

PAS - passive Anti-Theft System

PAS - Power Assisted Steering

PASE - Passive Start and Entry (security system)

PASS - Personalized Automotive Security System

PC - Personal Computer

PC - Pressure Control

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

PCI - Programmable Communications Interface

PCM - Powertrain Control Module

PCO - Pressure Controlled Orifice (power steering)

PCS - Pressure Control Solenoid

PCV - Positive Crankcase Ventilation

PECV - Power Enrichment Control Valve

PF - Purge Flow Sensor

PFE - Pressure Feedback EGR Sensor

PFI - Port Fuel Injection

PFI - Port Fuel Injection (GM)

PGM-FI - Programmed Gas Management Fuel Injection (Honda)

PID - Parameter Identification Location

PID SUP - Parameter Identification Supported

PIP - Profile Ignition Pickup Signal

PIV - Peak Inverse Voltage

PKE - Passive Keyless Entry

PMD - Pump Mounted Driver

PNP - Par Neutral Position

POT - Potentiometer

PPM - Parts Per Minute

PPS - Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor

PPS - Ported Pressure Switch (Ford)

PR - Pressure Relief

PRC - Pressure Regulator Control

PRNDL - Switch

PROM - Programmable Read-Only Memory

PS - Power Steering

PSA - Pressure Switch Assembly

PSC - Power Steering Control

PSI - Pounds Per Square Inch

PSOM - Programmable Speedometer Odometer Module

PSOV - Purge Shut Off Valve (Ford)

PSP - Power Steering Pressure (switch)

PSPS - Power Steering Pressure Switch

PTC - Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistor

PTO - Power Take Off (4WD Option)

PTOX - Periodic Trap Oxidizer

PTU - Part Throttle Unlock

PVA - Ported Vacuum Advance

PVS - Ported Vacuum Switch

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

PWR GND - Power Ground for PCM

QDM - Quad Driver Module

RABS - Rear Antilock Brake System

RAM - Random Access Memory

RAP - Retained Access Power

RBS - Regenerative Braking system

RECAL - Calibration Adjustment

REDOX - Reduction Oxidation Converter

REF - Reference

RFCSS - Rear-Facing Child Safety Seat

RFI - Radio Frequency Interference

RHD - Right Hand Drive

RKE - Remote Keyless Entry

RM - Relay Module

ROM - Read Only Memory

RON - Rated Octane Number

RPC - Remote Parameter Test

RPM - Revolutions Per Minute

RPT - Reference Performance Test

RRS - Variable Reluctance Sensor

RTD - Real Time Dampening

RTN - Dedicated Sensor Ground Circuit

RTV - Room Temperature Vulcanizing

RVP - Reid Vapor Pressure

RWAL - Rear Wheel Anti-Lock

RWD - Rear Wheel Drive

S4WD - Selectable Four Wheel Drive

SAE - Viscosity Grade

SA-FV - Separator Assembly Fuel/Vacuum

SAVM - Spark Advance Vacuum Modulator

SAW - Spark Angle Work

SBDS - Service Bay Diagnostic System

SBEC - Single Board Engine Controller (replaced with PCM0

SBS - Boost Solenoid (Ford)

SBT - Serial Bus Traveler

SC - Supercharged Engine

SCAP - Silicone Capacitance Absolute Pressure Sensor (Ford)

SCARES - Selective Car Audio Receptive Evaluation System

SCB - Supercharger Bypass

SCC - Spark Control Computer (Chrysler)

SCF - Steering Characteristic Function

SCI - Serial Communications Interface

SCP - Standard Corporate Protocol

SCP - Standard Corporate Protocol

SDI - Saab Direct Ignition

SDM - Sensing Diagnostic Module

SDV - Spark Deceleration Valve

SDV - Spark Delay Valve

SEFI - Sequential Electronic Fuel Injection

SEO - Special Equipment Option

SES - Service Engine Soon (replaced with MIL)

SFI - Sequential Fuel Injection

SHED - Sealed Housing Evaporative Determination System

SHO - Super High Output Engine

SHRT FT - Short Term Fuel Trim

SHRTFT1 - Short Term Fuel Trim Bank 1

SIG RTN - Signal Return (sensor ground)

SIL - Shift Indicator Lamp

SIPS - Side Impact Protections System

SIR - Supplemental Inflatable Restraint

SIS - Solenoid Idle Stop

SMEC - Single Module Engine Controller (replaced with PCM)

SMPI - Sequential Multiport Fuel Injection (Chrysler)

SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide

SOHC - Single Overhead Cam

SPD - Speed

SPFI - Single Point Fuel Injection (throttle body)

SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface

SPL - Smoke Puff Limiter

SPOUT - Spark Output Signal

SPS - Service Programming System

SPS - Service Programming System

SRC - Selective Ride Control

SRDV - Spark Retard Delay Valve

SRI - Service Reminder Indicator

SRR - Short-Range Radar

SRS - Spark Retard Solenoid

SRS - Supplemental Restraint System (air bag)

SRT - System Readiness Test

SS - Speed Sensor (Honda)

SS1, SS2,etc. - Shift Solenoid 1, 2, etc.

SSI - Solid State Ignition (Ford)

ST - Scan Tool

STAR - Self Test Automatic Readout

STFT - Short-Term Fuel Trim

STI - Self Test Input

STI - Self-Test Input (Ford)

STO - Self Test Output

STO - Self-Test Output (Ford)

STS - Service Throttle System (lamp)

SUSP - Suspension System Module

SVV - Solenoid Vent Valve (Ford)

SWB - Short Wheel Base

TA - Temperature Air (Honda)

TAB - Thermactor Air Bypass

TAC - Throttle Actuator Control

TAC - Thermostatic Air Cleaner (GM)

TACH - Tachometer

TAD - Thermactor Air Diverter

TAP - Transmission Adaptive Pressure

TAV - Temperature Actuated Vacuum

TBI - Throttle Body Injection

TC - Turbocharger

TCA - Thermostat Controlled Air Cleaner

TCC - Torque Converter Clutch

TCCP - Torque Converter Clutch Pressure

TCCS - Toyota Computer Controlled System

TCI - Turbocharger and Intercooler

TCIL - Transmission Control Indicator Lamp

TCM - Transmission Control Module

TCP - Temperature Compensated Accelerator Pump (Ford)

TCP - Torque Charger

TCS - Transmission Controlled Spark (GM)

TCS - Traction Control Switch

TCS - Transmission Control Switch

TD - Turbo Diesel

TDC - Top Dead Center

TDI - Turbo Direct Injection

TE - Thermal Expansion

TFP - Transmission Fluid Pressure

TFP - Throttle Fluid Pressure

TFT - Transmission Fluid Temperature

THM - Turbo Hydra-Matic

TI - Transistorized Ignition System

TIC - Thermal Ignition Control (Chrysler)

TIR - Total Internal Reflector (headlights)

TIS - Toyota Information System

TIV - Thermactor Idle Vacuum Valve (Ford)

TK - Throttle Kicker Actuator (Ford)

TKS - Throttle Kicker Solenoid

TLA - Three-Layer Acronym

TOT - Transmission Oil Temperature

TP - Throttle Position

TP Mode - Throttle Position Mode

TPCV - Tank Pressure Control Valve

TPI - Tuned Port Injection

TPM - Tire Pressure Monitor

TPP - Throttle Position Potentiometer

TPS - Throttle Position Sensor

TPT - Throttle Position Transducer (Chrysler)

TR - Transmission Range Sensor

TRLHP - Thermal Vacuum Valve

TRS, TRS+1 - Transmission Regulated Spark Control System

TSB - Technical Service Bulletin

TSP - Throttle Solenoid Positioner (Ford)

TSS - Turbine Speed Shaft Sensor

TSS - Transmission Shaft Speed Sensor

TV - Throttle Valve

TVS - Temperature Vacuum Switch

TVV - Thermal Vent Valve (Ford)

TWC - Three Way Catalyst

TWC + OC - Three Way Catalyst

UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter

UD - Underdrive

UHEGO - Universal Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen-Sensor

UIDI - Up-Integrated Direct Ignition

USB - Universal Serial Bus

V - Volts

VAC - Vacuum

VAF - Volume Air Flow

VAF - Vane Airflow Meter

VAT - Vane Air Temperature Sensor

VATS - Vehicle AntiTheft System

VBAT - Vehicle (system) Battery Voltage

VCC - Vacuum Cut Control Solenoid

VCI - Vehicle Calibration Identification

VCM - Vehicle Control Module

VCRM - Variable Control Relay Module

VCTS - Vacuum Control Temperature Sensing Valve (Ford)

VCV - Vacuum Control Valve (Ford)

VDOT - Variable Displacement Orifice Tube

VDV - Vacuum Delay Valve

VDV - Vacuum Differential Valve (Ford)

VECI - Vehicle Emission Control Information Decal

VF - Vacuum Fluorescent

VFDES - Desired Volume of Fuel as Determined by the EEC Strategy

VIM - Vehicle Interface Module

VIN - Vehicle Identification Number

VIPER - Vehicle Initial Performance Evaluation Register

VIS - Variable Induction System

VLCM - Variable Load Control Module

VMV - Vapor Management Valve (EVAP)

VMV - Vacuum Modulator Valve

VNT - Variable Nozzle Turbocharger

VOTM - Vacuum Operated Throttle Modulator (Ford)

VPW - Variable Pulse Width

VPWM - Variable Pulse Width Modulated

VPWR - Ignition Switched Power

VR - Voltage Regulator

VR/S - Vacuum Regulator/Solenoid (Ford)

VRDV - Vacuum Retard Delay Valve (Ford)

VREF - Reference Voltage (from PCM)

VRESER - Vacuum Reservoir (Ford)

VREST - Vacuum Restrictor (Ford)

VRIS - Variable Resonance Induction System

VRS - Variable Reluctance Sensor

VRV - Vacuum Regulator Valve (Ford)

VSS - Vehicle Speed Sensor

VVA - Venturi Vacuum Amplifier (Ford)

VVC - Variable Voltage Choke (Ford)

VVTS - Variable Valve Timing Sensor

VVV - Vacuum Vent Valve (Ford)

W/B - Wheelbase

WAC - WOT A/C Cutout Relay

WACA - A/C WOT Cutout Relay Monitor

WOT - Wide Open Throttle

WOTV - Wide-Open Throttle Valve (Ford)

WSS - Wheel Speed Sensor

WU OC - Warm Up Oxidation Catalytic Converter

WU TWC - Warm Up Three Way Catalytic Converter

YRS - Yaw Rate Sensor

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